a) $$81a^2 - 18ab + b^2 = (9a)^2 - 2 cdot 9a cdot b + b^2 = (9a - b)^2$$
в) $$8ab + b^2 + 16a^2 = b^2 + 8ab + 16a^2 = b^2 + 2 cdot b cdot 4a + (4a)^2 = (b + 4a)^2$$
д) $$b^2 + 4a^2 - 4ab = b^2 - 4ab + 4a^2 = b^2 - 2 cdot b cdot 2a + (2a)^2 = (b - 2a)^2$$